Spanish grammar basics include noun gender, articles, adjective agreement, verb conjugation, past tenses, pronouns, and sentence structure. Mastering these foundations helps learners form accurate sentences and communicate with confidence.

German grammar basics include noun gender, four cases, article changes, verb conjugation, word order rules, and adjective endings. Understanding these foundations helps learners build accurate sentences and communicate clearly.

French grammar basics include noun gender, articles, adjective agreement, verb conjugation, sentence structure, and question formation. Mastering these foundations helps learners build accurate sentences and communicate with confidence.

A consonant is a speech sound produced by restricting airflow in the vocal tract. Consonants are defined by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing, and they play a key role in shaping syllables and distinguishing meaning in language.

A vowel is a speech sound produced with an open vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely. Vowels form the core of syllables and are defined by tongue position, lip shape, and acoustic properties rather than by written letters.

The cot–caught merger is one of the most significant sound changes in North American English, where the vowels in words like cot and caught are pronounced the same by many speakers. This article explores its history, causes, and geographic distribution, explaining why the merger happened, where it’s widespread, and why some regions resist it. It also discusses its impact on teaching, dictionaries, and technology, helping learners understand both merged and non-merged systems for better comprehension and communication.